In “The Appearance of the Borderland,” from her enigmatic and poetic work From the Dawn (1986), María Zambrano writes:
María Zambrano in Madrid (1932)
“The appearance of the Dawn unifies feelings, transforming them into meaning (…) As happens with other inviolable places of human thought (…) which should be allowed to be born, above all, without tearing them from the place of their roots, without extracting them from the single sacred place where they must be born and live. These most chosen thoughts would always belong to the Dawn, fruits of human thinking (…) Might the Dawn, in its withdrawal, perhaps announce the multiplicity of times?”
Her book seeks to be both guide and confession, two philosophical genres with a long tradition in Spain (Maimonides and Miguel de Molinos):
“The result we have reached in these brief pages, which would like to be even briefer, is that the Dawn, which has not offered us the possibility of being a properly philosophical knowledge, an episteme, inexorably imposes upon us its condition of belonging to the realm of the knowable. From the first moment in which one looks at it, it looks back at us, asking us, requiring us, to look at it as the key to physis, to the cosmos (…) A guide, then, if by guide we understand the appearance of something, an event, a presence that draws the subject out of himself, out of the situation in which he is strictly imprisoned in an ignorance that is immobility, and immobility in the human being is intranscendence. To know oneself is to transcend oneself.”
And, following the guidance of Zambrano’s new method, I record here this intimate experience. The indelible memory remains in me of the importance my parents, from within their deep religiosity, attributed to dawn as a privileged moment of the day to—according to what they told us—appreciate the beauty of divine creation and give thanks for seeing a new day. “Tomorrow we shall watch the sunrise,” they would announce to us with solemnity and joy whenever, on the occasion of some special event, we had to get up early and leave home before daybreak. “Look, children, the sun is about to rise! Look, what a beautiful sunrise!” This imperative, “Look!”, was very common in my mother’s speech. And María dedicates her first book, The Horizon of Liberalism (1930), to her father, Blas Zambrano, with these words: “To my father. Because he taught me how to look.” The Andalusian philosopher says that to learn to philosophize is to learn how to look, but this is not an inquisitive or interrogative gaze; it is contemplative, passive, one that allows itself simply to be captivated by the beauty or the mystery of what is contemplated. My parents’ guidance awakened in us a fervent reverence for that unique, magical moment of the passage from darkness to light; so that, rather often—and always during our stays in the house in the mountains—we would decide to “resist” (sleepiness, that is): “Tonight we are going to resist so we can see the sunrise,” we would secretly agree. And when we managed to overcome Hypnos, we would go outside as soon as we saw the first glimmer of light on the horizon so that the arrival of the Sun would find us out in the open. There, without the protection of home, we could better feel the silence that precedes the dawn, the gentle breeze, and the shiver of the dew.
Philosophy also has the nature of a confession, according to María:
“It seems to the author of these brief confessions that a new mode of reason—for example, poetic reason—is necessary. A mode of reason in which passivity, total passivity, is redeemed in the face of knowledge and what moves it and even engenders it: love. A reason without paradoxes, without agonies, without resembling itself, almost without judgment, though not without order; and as much as being a new reason, it would have to be a vita nova (…) The life of the senses has been diminishing as Western reason rises (…) Thus, that architecture which levels everything, the smooth wall, until all curves, all hiding places, all eaves disappear, where the swallow—and especially the dove—find no place. There are cities—peaks of civilization—that, without decreeing the extinction of doves (of the dove, Lord!), punish with decrees, decree with the force of law, that not a single nest be left alive, because the presence of nests spoils the clean city (…) The kind of knowledge invoked here asks that reason become poetic without ceasing to be reason, that it welcome the ‘original feeling’ without coercion (…) Thus the dawn appears to us as the very physis of poetic reason.”
Passivity, availability, openness—in contrast to greed, to the “lust to grasp” (“To go hunting for concepts,” writes Zambrano).
“The gaze that emerges from the night—also from this night of history—possesses a pure and complete availability, for there is in it no shadow of greed. It does not go hunting. It does not suffer the deception brought about by the lust to ‘grasp.’ The tyranny of the concept, which subjugates freedom with the bait of knowledge.”
Considered even briefly, Zambrano’s proposals are revolutionary, calling for the demolition of our staggering civilizational edifice—anxious, conquering, and hurried—in order to rebuild it upon different foundations.
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